The anatomy of a tooth can be divided into two basic parts -- the root and the crown.
In a person with healthy gums and bone, the root of the tooth is covered by the gums and bone.
The crown is the part of the tooth visible in the mouth, above the gum line on lower teeth and below the gum line on upper teeth.
A cemented restoration that partially or completely covers the outside of the tooth is referred to as a dental crown or cap. A dental crown is a tooth-shaped "cap" that is placed over a tooth covering the tooth to restore its shape and size, strength, and/or to improve its appearance. The crown, when cemented into place, fully encases the entire visible portion of a tooth that lies at and above the gum line.

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There are a variety of situations that require a tooth to be restored with a dental crown. The following are the most common:

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Large filling: When a tooth has a cavity or fracture that involves half the width of the tooth or more, it needs to be covered with a dental crown. This is because the remaining tooth around the large filling is so weak that it is prone to fracture. Sometimes a large filling that has been in the mouth for a while will need to be replaced with a crown because the tooth shows signs of stress and cracks around the filling.

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Root canal: Root canal treatment leaves the tooth hollowed out and predisposes the remaining tooth to crack. So, a tooth that has had a root canal almost always needs to be restored with a dental crown immediately to prevent it from fracturing.

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Cracked tooth syndrome: This is a condition whereby a patient has fractures inside a tooth that cause pain when it is chewed on a certain way. Chewing produces stress on fracture lines that make it feel like it is splitting apart. A dental crown will hold the tooth together and redistribute the stress evenly throughout the tooth, eliminating the pain in most instances. In these situations, it is best to leave a temporary crown on for a while to make sure the pain goes away and the tooth doesn't require a root canal.

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Broken cusps: Cusps frequently break off of teeth due to trauma or large existing fillings. Since the cusps are the part of the tooth that take the most stress during chewing, they need to be completely covered or the tooth or filling will keep fracturing. Sometimes the tooth breaks all the way to the bone, and a crown-lengthening procedure is necessary. This means the bone and gums need to be trimmed down below the edge of the fractured part of the tooth so the margin of the dental crown can be placed on healthy, strong tooth structure.

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Excessive wear of teeth: If a person has a habit of grinding their teeth, the teeth will become shorter over time. The teeth can also wear away due to acid erosion caused by gastrointestinal acid reflux (GERD), bulimia, or an acidic diet. Sometimes, the enamel will wear away completely, leaving small, soft teeth. Over time, the bite can collapse and the only way of restoring the teeth to normal size is by covering the teeth with dental crowns.

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The undesirable appearance of teeth: Teeth that have an unacceptable appearance due to colour, shape, or spaces between teeth can be made to look very natural and beautiful with dental crowns. Dental veneers are a very effective and conservative way of enhancing the look of the front teeth. They can be made to look very natural, and sometimes they don't even require preparing or reducing the existing teeth.

Other: Crowns are placed on dental implants to restore spaces left from missing teeth. Another way of filling these spaces is with dental bridges, which are made from crowns on the teeth next to the spaces attached to fake teeth in the middle. If teeth are loose, dental crowns can be placed on multiple teeth and splinted together to provide more stability.

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